appropriate G × E factors to lower the risk of a disease using these parameters. Therefore, we are currently investigating such GREEN factors other than the RED factors for medical application purposes10). Effects of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of polysialic acid in the brainChihiro Satoor environmental factors (E); and the T and P parameters changed to an abnormal state. Thus, it implies that we would be able to elucidate the state of the brain by monitoring the T and P parameters of polySia. In addition, if we could succeed in monitoring the T and P parameters invasively, we might find Figure 3. Regulated polySia expression is important for the normal brain functioning Normal polySia expression is highly time-dependent (T) and region-specific (P). This case is highly influenced both genetically (G) and environmentally (E). The normal polySia expression regulated by ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4 in quality and quantity, respectively, exhibits both the normal repulsive and attractive fields for normal biological functions. If (G) × (E) alters the polySia chain, it becomes abnormal due to the alteration of the quality and quantity of polySia; functional fields are also impaired, increasing the risk of diseases. The gap between normal and abnormal depends on individual differences, and sometimes it is broad and reversible because of the homeostatic regulation of polySia. We are currently researching on the green factors (both G and E) to regulate polySia effectively.References 1) Sato C, Hane M. (2018) Mental disorders and an acidic glycan-from the perspective of polysialic acid (PSA/polySia) and the synthesizing enzyme, 2) Sato C, Kitajima K. (2021) Polysialylation and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 79:100892. 3) Sato C, Kitajima K. (2019) Sialic acids in neurology. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem. 76, 1-64 4) Abe C, Yi Y, Hane M, Kitajima K, Sato C. (2019) Acute stress-induced change in polysialic acid levels mediated by sialidase in mouse brain. Sci Rep. 9, 5) Sato C, Kitajima K, Inoue S, Seki T, Troy FA 2nd, Inoue Y. (1995) Characterization of the antigenic specificity of four different anti-(alpha 2-->8-linked 6) Sato C, Inoue S, Matsuda, T., Kitajima K. Development of a Highly Sensitive Chemical Method for Detecting α2→8-Linked Oligo/Polysialic Acid 7) Sumida M, Hane M, Yabe U, Shimoda Y, Pearce OM, Kiso M, Miyagi T, Sawada M, Varki A, Kitajima K, Sato C. (2015) Rapid Trimming of Cell Surface 8) Takahashi Y, Abe C, Hane M, Wu D, Kitajima K, Sato C. (2022) Polysialylation in a DISC1 Mutant Mouse. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):5207. 9) Yang Y, Murai R, Takahashi Y, Mori A, Hane M, Kitajima K, Sato C. (2020) Comparative Studies of Polysialic Acids Derived from Five Different ST8SIA2. Glycoconj J. 35, 353-373.9950.polysialic acid) antibodies using lipid-conjugated oligo/polysialic acids. J Biol Chem. 270, 18923-8. Residues in Glycoproteins Blotted on the Membrane. Anal. Biochem. 261, 191-197.Polysialic Acid (PolySia) by Exovesicular Sialidase Triggers Release of Preexisting Surface Neurotrophin. J Biol Chem. 290:13202-14.Vertebrate Brains. Int J Mol Sci. 21(22):8593. 10) Sato C. (2019) polysialic acids. Trends Glycosci Glycotech. 31(181), E1-E3. 62
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